The Effect of AL-Tharthar Canal on the Zooplankton Composition and Diversity in the Tigris River
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v33i5.1314Keywords:
Ecological Indices, Tharthar Canal, Tigris River, Spatial and temporal variations, ZooplanktonAbstract
This study is considered the first in this sector of Tigris River after 2003, to evaluate the effect of Tharthar Canal on the composition and diversity of zooplankton in Tigris River. Six sampling sites were selected; two on the Tharthar canal and four sites along the Tigris River, one before the confluence as a control site and the others downstream the confluence. One hundred thirty-four taxa of zooplankton were recorded in this study, 129 taxa in Tigris River ,76 taxa in Tharthar Canal as well and 96 taxa shared between river and canal. The high value of zooplankton density in Tharthar Canal increased the density of Tigris River from 307989 Ind./m3 in site 1 upstream the confluence to 371427 Ind./m3 in site 4 immediately downstream the confluence. Also, the mean values of richness index, evenness index and diversity index decreased from 7.46, 0.69 and 2.40 bit/Ind. before the confluence to 6.46, 0.61 and 2.08 bit/Ind. after the confluence, respectively. Furthermore, the highest similarity percentage was between sites 1 and 6 reached 84.28% while, the lowest percentage was between sites 1 and 2 reached 65.97%. The highest value for the constancy index was 24 in site 6.
Downloads
References
P. Santhanam, P. Pachiappan, and A. Begum, A Method of Collection, Preservation and Identification of Marine Zooplankton 1st ed., In: Basic and Applied Zooplankton Biology, India. Springer: Santhanam: P. Begum, A. and P. Pachiappan, Eds, 2019 p. 1-44.
K. Renugaand, and R. Ramaniba, Zooplankton composition present in Krishnagiri reservoir, Tamilnadu, India, Curr. Biotica. 3(4) :519-525,2010.
K.F. Abd El-Wakeil, Zooplankton and zoobenthos communities in the Nile river, upper Egypt. J. Aquac. Res. Dev. 6(6) : 149-154, 2015.
J.E. Keister, D. Bonnet, S. and Chiba, C.L. Johnson, D.L. Mackas, R. Escribano, Zooplankton population connections, community dynamics, and climate variability. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 69(3) (2012) 347-350.
D. K. Steinberg, and M. R. Landry, Zooplankton and the ocean carbon cycle, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 9(1) (2017) 413-444.
K. Zsuga, Joint Danube Survey 3_ Zooplankton. International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR), Vienna, Austria:,p. 368,2014
E.S.F. Medeiros, N.P. Noia, L.C. Antunes, and T.X. Melo, Zooplankton composition in aquatic systems of semi-arid Brazil: spatial variation and implications of water management, Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci., 6(4) : 290-302,2011
K.D. Dickerson, K.A. Medley, and J.E. Havel, Spatial variation in zooplankton community structure is related to hydrologic flow units in the Missouri river, USA, River. Res. Applic. 26(5) : 605-618, 2010.
L.C.A. Lucena, T.X.D. Melo, and E.S.F. Medeiros, Zooplankton community of Parnaíba River, Northeastern Brazil, Acta Limnol. Bras. 27(1) : 118-129, 2015.
P.H.S. Picapedra, C. Fernandes, and F.A. Lansac-Tôha, Zooplankton Community in the Upper Parnaíba River (Northeastern, Brazil), Braz. J. Biol.77(2) : 402-412,2017.
T.D. Sluss, Physical and biological control of zooplankton in the Ohio River. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Kentucky. P 85.
A.M. Rabee, The effect of Al-Tharthar-Euphrates canal on the quantitative and qualitative composition of zooplankton in Euphrates River. J. Al-Nahrain Univ. 3(13) : 120-128,2010.
S. Pal, and S. Verma, Studies on Zooplankton Diversity of Kavery River at Omkareshwar Area, Int. J. Sci. Res. in Chemical Sciences, 3(2) : 9-10, 2016.
F.A. Al-Ameen, M.J. Al-Haidarey, and S.H.H. Albushabaa, Zooplanktons and Their Seasonal Variations of Kufa River /Euphrates. Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology, 9(3) : 78-87,2017.
S.J. Paggi, and J.C. Paggi, Zooplankton. In: The Middle Paraná River: Limnology of a Subtropical Wetland 1st ed., New York: Springer: M.H. Iriondo, J.C. Paggi, and M.J. Parma, Eds, p. 229-245,2007.
A. Goździejewska, A. Skrzypczak, G. Furgała-Selezniow, J. Koszałka, and A. Mamcarz, Zooplankton in the Nida River (The Upper Wkra River) Subjected to Revitalization Treatments, Pol. J. Natur. Sc. 25(4) : 387-400,2010.
V.K. Sissakian, Genesis and Age Estimation of the Tharthar Depression, Central West Iraq, Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining (IBGM). 7(3) :47-62, 2011
M. Abdullah, N. Al-Ansari, and J. Laue, Water Resources Projects in Iraq, Reservoirs in The Natural Depressions, J. Earth. Sci. Geotech. Eng., 9(4) : 137-152,2019
O.S. Majeed, A.J.M. Al-Azawi, and M.R. Nashaat, The Effect of Tharthar-Tigris Canal on the Environmental Properties of the Tigris River Northern Baghdad, Iraq. Baghdad Sci. J. [Internet] (2022a) 1177-1190. Available from:https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/view/6483
R.B. Baird, A.D. Eaton, and E.W. Rice, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Twenty-Third ed., Washington, DC: Environmental Federation Publishers: Method 10200, 2017.
D. Mueller-Dombois, and H. Ellenberg, Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology, 1st ed, New York: John Wiley and Sons, , p. 547,1974.
R. Margalef, Perspectives in ecological theory, 1st ed., USA: University of Chicago Press, p. 111,1968.
I.F. Neves, O. Rocha, K.F. Roche, and A.A. Pinto, Zooplankton community structure of two marginal lakes of the river Cuiabá (Mato Grosso, Brazil) with analysis of Rotifera and Cladocera diversity. Braz. J. Biol. 63(2) : 329-343, 2003.
C.E. Shannon, and W. Weaver, The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, USA: University of Illinois Press, , p. 117.1949.
V.F. Proto-Neto, Zooplankton as bioindicator of environmental quality in the Tamandane Reff system (Pernambuco-Brazil): Anthropogenic influences and interaction with mangroves. Ph.D. dissertation, Brazil: Bremen Univ., 2003, p. 100.
W.T. Edmondson, Fresh water biology 2nd ed. New York: Wiley and Sons-Inc., 1959, p.1248.
R.W. Pennak, Fresh water invertebrates of United States 2nd ed., New York: John Willey & Sons, 1978, p. 387.
R.M. Pontin, A key to the freshwater planktonic and semiplanktonic rotifera of the British Isles. Freshwater Biological Association Sci. Puble., 1978, No. 38.
[D.G. Smith, Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea, 4th ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2001, p. 664.
D.J. Lee, and W. Lee, Arthropoda: Copepoda. In: keys to Palaearctic fauna: Thorp and Covich's freshwater invertebrates. 4th ed., D.C. Rogers, and J.H. Thorp Eds, London: Academic Press, 2019, P. 761-780.
D.C. Rogers, A.A. Kotov, A.Y. Sinev, S.M. Glagolev, N.M. Korovchinsky, N. Smirnov, E.I. Bekker, Arthropoda: Class Branchiopoda. In: Keys to Palaearctic Fauna Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates. 4th ed., London: Academic Press: D.C. Rogers, and J.H. Thorp Eds, , p. 643-724,2019
A.A. Al-Lami, A.W. Sabri, K.A. Muhsen, E.K. Abass, and E.H. Ali, Ecological effects on Zooplankton Diversity of Tharthar arm on Tigris river, J. Ecol. Res. Sustain. Dev. 3(2) : 53-64,2000.
A.A. Al-Lami, Qualitative and quantitative composition of zooplankton in Al-Adaim and Tigris rivers. 1st National Scientific Conference in Environmental Pollution and Means of Protection, Baghdad, 5-6 November 2000, p. 333-342.
A.A.; Al-Lami, R.S. Abdul-Kader, S.S. Al-Dulymi, and R.A. Abdul-Jabar, The Bio-Diversity of the cladoceran lnvertebrates in Lower Zab Tributary and, Tigris river, Tikrit j. pure sci. 9(2) :17-27,2003.
S. Abdulwahab, and A.M. Rabee, Ecological factors affecting the distribution of the zooplankton community in the Tigris River at Baghdad region, Iraq, Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 41 :187-196,2015.
R. Deksne, and A. Škute, The influence of ecohydrological factors on the cenosis of the Daugava River zooplankton. Acta. Zool. Litu., 21 (2) :133-144, 2011.
Ö. Gaygusuz, and Dorak, Z. Species Composition and Diversity of the Zooplankton Fauna of Darlik Stream (İstanbul-Turkey) and Its Tributaries, J. Fish. Sci. com. 7(4) : 329-343, 2013.
J.D. Warren, T.H. Leach, and C.E. Williamson, Measuring the distribution, abundance, and biovolume of zooplankton in an oligotrophic freshwater lake with a 710 kHz scientific echosounder. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 14 : 231-244,2016.
D.H. Wahl, J.L. Goodrich, M. Nannini, J.M. Dettmers, and D. Soluk, Exploring riverine zooplankton in three habitats of the Illinois River ecosystem: Where do they come from? Limnol. Oceanogr. 53(6) : 2583-2593,2008.
M. Serafim-Júnior, G. Perbiche-Neves, and F. Lansac-Toha, Environments and macrophytes as main variables controlling rotifers in a river/lake system before Porto Primavera Reservoir construction, Zoologia. 36 ; 1-8,2019
D.K. Kim, K.S. Jeong, K.H. Chang, G.W. La, G.J. Joo, and H.W. Kim, Patterning zooplankton communities in accordance with annual climatic conditions in a regulated river system (Nakdong River, South Korea), Intern. Rev. Hydrobiol. 91(1) : 55-72,2012.
S.B. José de Paggi, M. Devercelli, and F.R. Molina, Zooplankton and their driving factors in a large subtropical river during low water periods, Fundam. Appl. Limnol. 184(2) : 125-139,2014.
L. Wu, M. Zhou, Z. Shen, Y. Cui, and W. Feng, Spatio-temporal variations in zooplankton community structure and water quality in a Chinese Eutrophic river, Appl. Ecol. Environ. Re. 15(3) ; 1417-1442,2017.
L.A. Ali, Seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties and zooplankton biomass in Greater Zab River-Iraq, J. Biol. Sci. 3(3) : 115-120,2010.
A.A. Al-Lami, Zooplankton diversity in Tigris river before and after Baghdad city, Al-Fateh J. 11(2001) 230-238. (In Arabic).
L. Viroux, Zooplankton distribution in flowing waters and its implications for sampling: case studies in the River Meuse (Belgium) and the River Moselle (France, Luxembourg), J. Plankton Res. 21(7) : 1231-1248,1999.
A. Scherwass, T. Bergfeld, A. Schöl, M. Weitere, and H. Arndt, Changes in the plankton community along the length of the River Rhine: Lagrangian sampling during a spring situation, J. Plankton Res. 32 (4) : 491-502,2010
R. Czerniawski, and J. Domagała, Similarities in zooplankton community between River Drawa and its two tributaries (Polish part of River Odra), Hydrobiologia. 638 :137-149,2010
R. Czerniawski, and Ł. Sługocki, Analysis of zooplankton assemblages from man-made ditches in relation to current velocity, Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. 46(2) : 199-211,2017.
E. Paturej, and A. Gutkowska, The Effect of Salinity Levelsp on the Structure of Zooplankton Communities, Arch. Biol. Sci. Belgrade. 67(2) : 483-492,2015.
D. Yuan, L. Chen, L. Luan, Q. Wang, and Y. Yang Effect of Salinity on the Zooplankton Community in the Pearl River Estuary, J. Ocean Univ. China. 19 (6) :1389-1398,2020.
Q. Lu, X. Liu, X. Qiu, T. Liang, S. Zhao, S. Ouyang, B. Jin, and X. Wu, Changes And Drivers of Zooplankton Diversity Patterns In The Yangtze River Floodplain Lakes, China, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 11(24) : 17885-17900,2021.
M.I. Abbas, and A.H. Talib, Community Structure of Zooplankton and Water Quality Assessment of Tigris River within Baghdad/Iraq, Appl. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 6(2) : 63-69,2018.
S.G. Ajeel, M.F. Abbas, and D.S. Abdullah, Abundance and diversity of zooplankton in the Tigris River Northern of Basrah, Iraq, J. Aquac. Mar. Biol. 8(5) : 171-178,2019
I.F. Abed, and M.R. Nashaat, Interactions between the Ecological Dejiala River Properties, Southern Iraq, Iraqi J. Sci., 59 (2) : 1026-1040,2018.
[56] N. Jafari, S.M. Nabavi, and M. Akhavan, Ecological investigation of Zooplankton abundance in the River Hazar northeast Iran: Impact of environmental variables, Arch. Biol. Sci. Belgrade, 63(3) : 785-798,2011.
T.O.T. Imoobe, Diversity and Seasonal Variation of Zooplankton in Okhuo River, a Tropical Forest River in Edo State, Nigeria, Centrepoint J. (Sci. Ed.). 17(1) (2011) 37-51.
E.M. Shayebi, U.A. Patricia, and M.M. Abundance, Abundance and Diversity of Zooplankton in the Lower Reach of the Opobo River, Rivers State Nigeria, Afr. J. Environ. Nat. Sci. Res. 3(2) (2020) 49-59.
E. Ko, D. Kim, E. Jung, Y. Heo, G. Joo, and H. Kim, Comparison of Zooplankton Community Patterns in Relation to Sediment Disturbances by Dredging in the Guemho River, Korea. Water, 12 (12) : 3434,2020.
M.G. Borges, and C.S. Pedrozo, Zooplankton (Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotifera) richness, diversity and abundance variations in the Jacuí Delta, RS, Brazil, in response to the fluviometric level. Acta Limnol. Bras., 21(1) : 101-110,2009.
O.S. Majeed, A.J. Al-Azawi, and M.R. Nashaat, Impact of Tharthar arm water on composition and diversity of Copepoda in Tigris River, North of Baghdad City, Iraq, Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, 16(4) :469-493,2021
B. Suresh, S. Manjappa, and E.T. Puttaiah, The contents of zooplankton of the Tungabhadra river, near Harihar, Karanataka and the saprobiological analysis of water quality, J. Ecol. Nat. Environ., 1(9) : 196-200,2009.
A. Hedayati, M. Pouladi, A. Vaziri, and A. Qadermarzi, Seasonal variations in abundance and diversity of copepods in Mond River estuary, Bushehr, Persian Gulf, Biodiv. 18 (2) : 447-452,2017.
V. Kamboj, and N. Kamboj, Spatial and temporal variation of zooplankton assemblage in the mining-impacted stretch of Ganga River, Uttarakhand, India, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27(21) : 27135-27146,2020.
T. Sarkar, and W. Pal, Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Zooplankton of River Torsa, West Bengal, Iconic Res. Eng. J. 1(7) : 42-45,2017.
S. Ekwu, and F. Sikoki, Species composition and distribution of zooplankton in the lower cross river estuary, Afr. J. Appl. Zool. Environ. Biol. 7 : 5-10,2005.
A.M. Ostojic', I.D. Radojevic', and A.G. Balkic', Zooplankton Community Along the Sava River. In: The Sava River, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Berlin : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, R. Milačič, J. Scancar, and M. Paunović, Eds, p. 314-334,2015.
O.S. Majeed, M.R. Nashaat, A.J.M. Al-Azawi, Impact of Tharthar Arm on the Composition and Diversity of Rotifera in Tigris River North of Baghdad, Iraq, Iraqi J. Sci. 63(4) : 1464-1479.2022b.
M.R. Nashaat, E.H. AIi, E.K. Abbas, and F.Sh. Moftin, Impact of Al-Rasheed Power Plant Effluents on Rotifera Biodiversity at Tigris River, Southern Baghdad. Proceedings of 6th National Conference of the Environment and Natural Resources pp. 29-31, October 2013. For the Environment Department of College of Sciences / Univ. of Basra.
E.K. Abbas, M.R. Nashaat, F.SH. Moftin, and E.H. Ali, Distribution and Occurrence of Copepoda in Tigris River, and effect of Diyala River on its Biodiversity. Eur. Acad. Res., 4(10) :8561-8580,2017.
Downloads
Key Dates
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Articles accepted for publication in Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science (MJS) are protected under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC). Authors of accepted articles are requested to sign a copyright release form prior to their article being published. All authors must agree to the submission, sign copyright release forms, and agree to be included in any correspondence between MJS and the authors before submitting a work to MJS. For personal or educational use, permission is given without charge to print or create digital copies of all or portions of a MJS article. However, copies must not be produced or distributed for monetary gain. It is necessary to respect the copyright of any parts of this work that are not owned by MJS.
How to Cite
