Article Correction, Withdrawal, and Retraction Policies

Article Correction: A corrigendum is published to correct errors or omissions that do not affect the article's integrity or findings. It must be drafted by the authors, with the agreement of all authors. In contrast, an Erratum is issued by the publisher for errors made during publication.

Article Withdrawal: Articles can be withdrawn before final publication for reasons such as errors, accidental duplication, policy breaches, or editorial mistakes.

Article Retraction: Articles may be retracted due to significant errors impacting findings, policy violations, or ethical concerns. A retraction notice is published, linking to the original article, which retains its content but is marked as "Retracted".